(一)社會保險繳納

《社(she)會(hui)(hui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》已(yi)于2011年(nian)7月(yue)1日正式施行。根(gen)據《社(she)會(hui)(hui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》規定(ding)，國家(jia)建(jian)立基本(ben)養老保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、基本(ben)醫療(liao)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、工傷保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、失業保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、生育保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)社(she)會(hui)(hui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)度，保(bao)障(zhang)公(gong)民(min)在(zai)年(nian)老、疾病、工傷、失業、生育等(deng)情況下(xia)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)從國家(jia)和社(she)會(hui)(hui)獲得物質幫助的(de)權(quan)利。社(she)會(hui)(hui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)具有(you)強制(zhi)(zhi)性，繳(jiao)(jiao)納(na)社(she)會(hui)(hui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)是用人單(dan)位(wei)與勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)義務(wu)。《勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》規定(ding)用人單(dan)位(wei)無(wu)故不(bu)繳(jiao)(jiao)納(na)社(she)會(hui)(hui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)用的(de)，由(you)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)行政部門責令其限期(qi)繳(jiao)(jiao)納(na)，逾(yu)期(qi)不(bu)繳(jiao)(jiao)的(de)，可(ke)以加收(shou)滯納(na)金。《勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》將社(she)會(hui)(hui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)內容列為勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)的(de)必備條款，并明確規定(ding)用人單(dan)位(wei)未(wei)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)為勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)繳(jiao)(jiao)納(na)社(she)會(hui)(hui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)的(de)，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)可(ke)以解除勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)，并可(ke)以要求用人單(dan)位(wei)支付(fu)經濟補償金。

由(you)此可見，用(yong)(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位與勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)參(can)加社會保(bao)(bao)險(xian)，繳納社會保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費，這是法律的強制性規定，用(yong)(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位與勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)均不能通過約定方(fang)式加以改變。其中，養老(lao)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費、醫(yi)療保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費和失業保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費等三項社會保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費是由(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位和勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)共同(tong)按比例承擔，而工(gong)傷保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費和生育保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費則由(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位繳納。

1、企業未繳納社會保險費，員工是否有權解除勞動合同并要求經濟補償?

張某于2009年5月(yue)10日與某建筑公司(si)簽訂了為期兩年的勞動(dong)合(he)同，因該公司(si)一直未為其繳納社(she)會保(bao)險費，張某于2010年12月(yue)15日辭職，并要求該公司(si)支(zhi)付其經濟補償(chang)金(jin)6000元(yuan)。公司(si)負責人表(biao)示(shi)，張某系自(zi)動(dong)提(ti)出辭職的，不能給付任何經濟補償(chang)金(jin)。

案例點評：公(gong)司(si)負(fu)責人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)觀點沒有(you)法(fa)(fa)律依(yi)(yi)據。根(gen)據《勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)法(fa)(fa)》第三十(shi)八條和第四十(shi)六條的(de)(de)(de)規定，用(yong)人(ren)單位未依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)為勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)(na)社(she)(she)(she)會保(bao)(bao)險費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)，勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可以解除(chu)(chu)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)。用(yong)人(ren)單位應(ying)當依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)向勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)支付經(jing)濟(ji)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)金(jin)。因(yin)(yin)此，如果(guo)該公(gong)司(si)確系未依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)為張某繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)(na)社(she)(she)(she)會保(bao)(bao)險費(fei)，張某可以解除(chu)(chu)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)，并有(you)權要(yao)求該公(gong)司(si)支付經(jing)濟(ji)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)金(jin)。需(xu)要(yao)注意的(de)(de)(de)是，“未依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)(na)”包括了(le)未繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)(na)、未足額(e)(e)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)(na)、未及時繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)(na)等(deng)情(qing)形。因(yin)(yin)此，作為用(yong)人(ren)單位未及時足額(e)(e)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)(na)社(she)(she)(she)會保(bao)(bao)險費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)，均(jun)可被作為勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)解除(chu)(chu)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)由。但確因(yin)(yin)客(ke)觀原因(yin)(yin)造成計算標準不(bu)清楚、有(you)爭議，導致用(yong)人(ren)單位未能“及時”、“足額(e)(e)”繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)(na)社(she)(she)(she)會保(bao)(bao)險費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)能作為勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)解除(chu)(chu)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)由。

2、員工承諾放棄繳納社會保險費用的協議是否有效?

2006年(nian)2月(yue)，趙(zhao)女(nv)(nv)士入職某建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)公司(si)在(zai)施工(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)經(jing)理(li)部(bu)擔(dan)(dan)任炊事員，2009年(nian)12月(yue)趙(zhao)女(nv)(nv)士與該公司(si)解(jie)除勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)關系。由于在(zai)趙(zhao)女(nv)(nv)士工(gong)作(zuo)期間，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)公司(si)未給其繳納社會保(bao)(bao)險費，為此趙(zhao)女(nv)(nv)士向(xiang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)爭議仲裁(cai)(cai)委(wei)員會申請仲裁(cai)(cai)，要求(qiu)該公司(si)賠(pei)償養(yang)老保(bao)(bao)險金和失(shi)業保(bao)(bao)險金合(he)(he)計3萬(wan)元。庭(ting)審(shen)(shen)中，該公司(si)辯稱，趙(zhao)女(nv)(nv)士入職時曾書面承諾自行(xing)承擔(dan)(dan)社會保(bao)(bao)險費，故不同意趙(zhao)女(nv)(nv)士的請求(qiu)事項(xiang)。經(jing)審(shen)(shen)理(li)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)仲裁(cai)(cai)委(wei)員會裁(cai)(cai)決該公司(si)賠(pei)償趙(zhao)女(nv)(nv)士在(zai)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)關系存續期間的養(yang)老保(bao)(bao)險金和失(shi)業保(bao)(bao)險金兩項(xiang)合(he)(he)計人民(min)幣(bi)7582元。該公司(si)不服勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)仲裁(cai)(cai)裁(cai)(cai)決結(jie)果，向(xiang)當(dang)地人民(min)法院提(ti)起(qi)訴訟。最終法院判決該公司(si)敗訴，維持了勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)仲裁(cai)(cai)的裁(cai)(cai)決結(jie)果。

案例點(dian)評：根據《勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)法(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，用人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)(wei)和勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者必須依法(fa)(fa)參加(jia)社(she)會保險(xian)，繳(jiao)納社(she)會保險(xian)費(fei)，用人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)(wei)無故不(bu)(bu)繳(jiao)納社(she)會保險(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)，由(you)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)行(xing)政部門責令其限(xian)期(qi)繳(jiao)納，逾期(qi)不(bu)(bu)繳(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)，可以(yi)加(jia)收滯納金。根據《勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)法(fa)(fa)》第二十六條的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，“用人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)(wei)免除(chu)自己的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)責任、排除(chu)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者權利”以(yi)及“違反(fan)法(fa)(fa)律、行(xing)政法(fa)(fa)規強制性規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”的(de)(de)(de)情形都是違反(fan)《勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)法(fa)(fa)》而簽訂的(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)無效或(huo)者部分無效。因此本案勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)中(zhong)關(guan)于免除(chu)由(you)建筑公司繳(jiao)納社(she)會保險(xian)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)條款(kuan)是無效的(de)(de)(de)違法(fa)(fa)條款(kuan)，用人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)(wei)以(yi)此為由(you)進行(xing)抗辯(bian)當然不(bu)(bu)可能得到勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)爭議仲裁委員會和人(ren)(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院的(de)(de)(de)支持。

(二)勞動保護內容

勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)保(bao)護，是指依(yi)靠技(ji)(ji)術(shu)進步(bu)和(he)科學管理(li)，采取技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和(he)組(zu)織(zhi)措施，消(xiao)除勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)過程(cheng)中危及(ji)人(ren)身安全(quan)(quan)和(he)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)的不良條件(jian)與行為，防止傷(shang)(shang)亡事故和(he)職(zhi)業病，保(bao)障(zhang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者在(zai)(zai)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)過程(cheng)中的安全(quan)(quan)和(he)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)。國家為了保(bao)護勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者在(zai)(zai)生產(chan)活動(dong)(dong)中的安全(quan)(quan)和(he)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)，在(zai)(zai)改善勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)條件(jian)、防止工傷(shang)(shang)事故、預防職(zhi)業病、實(shi)行勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)逸結合、加強女職(zhi)工特殊勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)保(bao)護等方(fang)面所采取的各種組(zu)織(zhi)措施和(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施，統稱為勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)保(bao)護。具體包括(kuo)以下內(nei)容：

1.工作時間的限制和休息、休假制度的規定;

2.各項勞動(dong)安全與(yu)衛生措施;

3.對女(nv)職工(gong)的特(te)殊勞動保護;

4.對未成年工(gong)的(de)特殊勞動(dong)保護。