為了妥善解決逐漸增多的勞務糾紛，相關部門陸續頒布了一些法律法規、司法解釋.為解決勞務糾紛提供了法律依據。例如《最高人民法院關于審理建設工程施工合同糾紛案件適用法律問題的解釋)(以下簡稱，《司法解釋》”)第七條從司法角度肯定了重慶勞務分包合(he)同的合(he)法(fa)性。這一規定對于準確處理勞務分包合(he)同糾紛(fen)具有重(zhong)要(yao)的現實(shi)憊義。本(ben)節內容為在現行(xing)有效的法(fa)律(lv)框架(jia)下(xia)對常見勞務糾紛(fen)進行(xing)的法(fa)律(lv)分析。

　　一(yi)、勞務分包合同糾紛

　　(一)勞務分包合同效力分析(xi)

　　1.勞務分包合同(tong)的生效要(yao)件

　　勞務分(fen)包(bao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種，而建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是《合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》中明確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有名(ming)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種;認定(ding)其法(fa)(fa)律效(xiao)力(li)應該適用(yong)《合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》關(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)規(gui)(gui)定(ding).同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時簽訂(ding)勞務分(fen)包(bao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)亦(yi)是一(yi)(yi)種民(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)律行為，故勞務分(fen)包(bao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律效(xiao)力(li)認定(ding)亦(yi)埔話用(yong)《民(min)法(fa)(fa)通則》關(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)民(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)律行為效(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)。綜合(he)(he)(he)《合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》第五十二條(tiao)關(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)無效(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)情形的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)和《民(min)法(fa)(fa)通則》第五十五條(tiao)關(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)民(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)律行為生(sheng)效(xiao)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，勞務分(fen)包(bao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)效(xiao)

　　要件包括如下幾項(xiang)：

　　(1)締約人具有相應的締約能(neng)力(li)

　　締約能(neng)(neng)力(li)就是(shi)行為(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)力(li)，它是(shi)指當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)夠簽訂(ding)合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)格。行為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)具(ju)有相應的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)要件(jian).在學理(li)(li)(li)上(shang)又被稱為(wei)(wei)有行為(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)力(li)原(yuan)則或主體合格原(yuan)則。最(zui)高人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院(yuan)關于適用(yong)‘中華人(ren)(ren)民(min)共和(he)(he)(he)國合間法(fa)，若干(gan)問題的(de)(de)(de)解釋(一)第10條規(gui)定(ding)(ding):“當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)超越經營范閱訂(ding)立合同(tong)，人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院(yuan)不因(yin)此認定(ding)(ding)合同(tong)無效，但違反洲家(jia)限制(zhi)經營、特許(xu)經營以及法(fa)律、行政(zheng)法(fa)規(gui)禁止經營規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)除外。”建(jian)設工(gong)程勞務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)恰(qia)怡是(shi)國家(jia)限制(zhi)經營的(de)(de)(de)翎城(cheng),《建(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)，《建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)企業(ye)資(zi)質(zhi)管理(li)(li)(li)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)》和(he)(he)(he)《房(fang)屋(wu)建(jian)筑(zhu)和(he)(he)(he)市(shi)政(zheng)基礎(chu)設施工(gong)程施T.分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管理(li)(li)(li)辦法(fa)，均明確規(gui)定(ding)(ding).勞務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)雙方當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)均應當(dang)其備相關資(zi)質(zhi)要求，特別是(shi)勞務(wu)作業(ye)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)應具(ju)備相關作業(ye)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)勞務(wu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)資(zi)質(zhi)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)自然(ran)人(ren)(ren)無法(fa)取得(de)勞務(wu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)資(zi)質(zhi)，所以自然(ran)人(ren)(ren)沒(mei)有締結(jie)勞務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)綺約能(neng)(neng)力(li)。只有取得(de)相關作業(ye)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)勞務(wu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)(he)其他(ta)組織才具(ju)有締結(jie)勞務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)締約能(neng)(neng)力(li)。

　　(2)意(yi)思表不真(zhen)實

　　所謂意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi).指(zhi)向外部表(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)意(yi)欲(yu)發生一定私法上(shang)法律效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)之意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)。意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)構成耍t包括效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)、表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)愈(yu)思(si)(si)(si)(si)和表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)行為(wei):關于(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)憊(bei)思(si)(si)(si)(si)是否(fou)為(wei)憊(bei)思(si)(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)構成要素.學說上(shang)存在分歧。意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)盒思(si)(si)(si)(si)指(zhi)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)愈(yu)思(si)(si)(si)(si).表(biao)(biao)(biao)憊(bei)者內(nei)心(xin)憊(bei)欲(yu)發生法律上(shang)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si)，為(wei)內(nei)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)(si).即所謂真息。表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)行為(wei).指(zhi)以書面或(huo)口頭等形式將念(nian)思(si)(si)(si)(si)外部化的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)。

　　有以上意(yi)思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的構成(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)索即可成(cheng)(cheng)立愈(yu)思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但(dan)意(yi)思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)發生(sheng)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)效力(li)還必須是(shi)真(zhen)實(shi)的，夏思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)X實(shi)是(shi)合(he)同生(sheng)效的重要(yao)構成(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)件。所謂愈(yu)思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)真(zhen)實(shi)，是(shi)指表(biao)(biao)(biao)競(jing)人(ren)的表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行為(wei)應當(dang)真(zhen)實(shi)地(di)反映其內心的效果愈(yu)思(si);也(ye)就是(shi)說(shuo).幸思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)真(zhen)實(shi)要(yao)求表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行為(wei)應當(dang)與效果愈(yu)思(si)相一致。由于合(he)同在本質上乃是(shi)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)之(zhi)間的一種(zhong)合(he)憊(bei)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)種(zhong)合(he)意(yi)符合(he)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)規定，依法(fa)律(lv)(lv)可以產生(sheng)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)拘(ju)束(shu)力(li)。而(er)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的童(tong)思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能否(fou)產生(sheng)此(ci)(ci)(ci)種(zhong)拘(ju)束(shu)力(li)，則取(qu)決(jue)于此(ci)(ci)(ci)種(zhong)意(yi)思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)否(fou)同行為(wei)人(ren)的真(zhen)實(shi)憊(bei)思(si)相符合(he).也(ye)就是(shi)說(shuo)取(qu)決(jue)于當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)愈(yu)思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)否(fou)真(zhen)實(shi)。因此(ci)(ci)(ci)，意(yi)思(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)真(zhen)實(shi)是(shi)合(he)同生(sheng)效的重要(yao)構成(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)件。

　　意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)真(zhen)(zhen)實的情況通常可以(yi)分(fen)為意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)一(yi)致和意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)自由，憊(bei)思(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)一(yi)致包括真(zhen)(zhen)愈(yu)保留、虛(xu)偽(wei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、錯(cuo)誤等，意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)自由包括欺詐、脅迫(po)等.其(qi)(qi)中真(zhen)(zhen)意(yi)保留指表(biao)(biao)(biao)憊(bei)人(ren)(ren)故意(yi)隱匿其(qi)(qi)真(zhen)(zhen)愈(yu)，而(er)(er)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與其(qi)(qi)真(zhen)(zhen)憊(bei)不(bu)同之憊(bei)思(si)(si)(si)的愈(yu)思(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi).虛(xu)偽(wei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指表(biao)(biao)(biao)憊(bei)人(ren)(ren)與相(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)通謀而(er)(er)為之虛(xu)假(jia)的競思(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi).錯(cuo)誤是(shi)指表(biao)(biao)(biao)競人(ren)(ren)因誤認或不(bu)知，致其(qi)(qi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)不(bu)一(yi)致。欺詐指故意(yi)欺周他人(ren)(ren).使其(qi)(qi)陷于錯(cuo)誤判斷，并基于此錯(cuo)誤判斷而(er)(er)為憊(bei)思(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之行(xing)為。脅迫(po)指以(yi)不(bu)法加害(hai)威脅他人(ren)(ren)，使其(qi)(qi)產生(sheng)恐懼心(xin)理(li)，并基于該(gai)恐俱(ju)心(xin)理(li)而(er)(er)為意(yi)思(si)(si)(si)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之行(xing)為。。

　　在勞(lao)務分包合(he)同(tong)中，意思表示真實即要(yao)求合(he)同(tong)內(nei)容(rong)是(shi)合(he)同(tong)雙方(fang)當事人的內(nei)心真憊(bei)。

　　(3)不(bu)違反(fan)法律和行政法規的效(xiao)力性(xing)強制性(xing)規定

　　從法(fa)律上看，合同(tong)(tong)之所以能(neng)產生(sheng)拘束力(li)是因為合同(tong)(tong)的內容(rong)(rong)和形式符合法(fa)律規(gui)定(ding)，如果(guo)合同(tong)(tong)內容(rong)(rong)違(wei)反法(fa)律規(gui)定(ding)，合同(tong)(tong)就不會得到法(fa)律的保(bao)護，合同(tong)(tong)也(ye)就不會對當事人(ren)產生(sheng)拘束力(li)。此(ci)處的“法(fa)律”僅指全國(guo)人(ren)民代(dai)表大會及其常務委(wei)員會制(zhi)定(ding)并(bing)頒布的法(fa)律。

　　規”指國務院制定并頒(ban)布的行政規范(fan)。

　　并不是(shi)違反任何法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)或行政法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)均(jun)會導致合同(tong)無效(xiao)。法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)按權利義務的(de)剛(gang)性(xing)程度可(ke)以分為任意性(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)和(he)強制(zhi)性(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)，所謂(wei)任憊性(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)是(shi)允許法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)主體變(bian)更、選擇適用或者排除適用的(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan);強制(zhi)性(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)是(shi)指必須依(yi)照(zhao)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)適用、不能以個(ge)人憊志予以變(bian)更和(he)排除適用的(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)。所以只有違反法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)行政法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)強制(zhi)性(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)合同(tong)才(cai)可(ke)能不其有法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)效(xiao)力。

　　以(yi)上(shang)結(jie)論并不(bu)愈味著違(wei)(wei)反任何法(fa)(fa)律和(he)行(xing)(xing)政法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)合同(tong)(tong)均無(wu)效(xiao).我(wo)閏合同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)根(gen)據(ju)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)否定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)評價的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)管理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)和(he)效(xiao)力性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding);管理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)亦稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“取締性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)".“管理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)是(shi)指(zhi)法(fa)(fa)律及行(xing)(xing)政法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)未明(ming)確規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)反此類(lei)(lei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)導(dao)(dao)致合同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)，此類(lei)(lei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)旨(zhi)在(zai)管理和(he)處罰(fa)違(wei)(wei)反規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，但并不(bu)否認該(gai)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)民(min)商(shang)法(fa)(fa)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力，效(xiao)力性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)是(shi)指(zhi)法(fa)(fa)律及行(xing)(xing)政法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)明(ming)確規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)反該(gai)類(lei)(lei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)導(dao)(dao)致合同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)，或者雖未明(ming)確規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)反之(zhi)后將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)導(dao)(dao)致合同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao).但若使合同(tong)(tong)繼續有效(xiao)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)損害國(guo)家(jia)利(li)益和(he)社會公共利(li)益的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)。此類(lei)(lei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)不(bu)僅(jin)旨(zhi)在(zai)處罰(fa)違(wei)(wei)反之(zhi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，而且意(yi)在(zai)否定(ding)(ding)其在(zai)民(min)商(shang)法(fa)(fa)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力”。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了區(qu)分管理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)和(he)效(xiao)力性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)對合同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力的(de)(de)(de)影響，《最高人民(min)法(fa)(fa)院關于(yu)適用《中華人民(min)共和(he)國(guo)合同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》若干問題的(de)(de)(de)解釋(二(er)))第(di)十四條規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding):“合同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)第(di)五十二(er)條第(di)(五)項規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)‘強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)’，是(shi)指(zhi)效(xiao)力性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。”