建(jian)設工(gong)程項目施(shi)工(gong)是(shi)一個勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)密集型的(de)施(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)業(ye)，因參與人員數量龐大、專業(ye)工(gong)種復(fu)雜，所以在項目施(shi)工(gong)中對人員及勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)管(guan)理就(jiu)顯得十(shi)分(fen)重要。勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)是(shi)在市場(chang)經濟體制下，用人單位與勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者之間(jian)建(jian)立(li)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)關(guan)系，訂(ding)立(li)、履行、變更、解除或者終(zhong)止雙方勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)權利(li)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)關(guan)系的(de)協(xie)議(yi)，是(shi)保護(hu)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者合(he)(he)法權益的(de)基本依據。建(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)合(he)(he)同(tong)是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)總承(cheng)包(bao)單位或者專業(ye)承(cheng)包(bao)單位將(jiang)承(cheng)包(bao)(分(fen)包(bao))工(gong)程中的(de)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)作(zuo)業(ye)發包(bao)給勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)分(fen)包(bao)單位完(wan)成而訂(ding)立(li)的(de)設立(li)、變更、終(zhong)止雙方民事權利(li)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)關(guan)系的(de)協(xie)議(yi)，是(shi)維護(hu)平等主體之間(jian)民事權利(li)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)的(de)依據。

勞動合同(tong)(tong)(tong)與建筑(zhu)施工勞務合同(tong)(tong)(tong)有一(yi)個共同(tong)(tong)(tong)特點，即兩者(zhe)都是(shi)提供勞動力。但是(shi)，這兩類合同(tong)(tong)(tong)之間卻有著本質的(de)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)。

一(yi)、法(fa)律依據不同

勞(lao)動合(he)同是依據(ju)勞(lao)動法、勞(lao)動合(he)同法及其(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)關行(xing)政(zheng)法規和規章而訂立的。建筑(zhu)施工勞(lao)務合(he)同是依據(ju)合(he)同法、建筑(zhu)法及其(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)關行(xing)政(zheng)法規和規章而訂立的。

二、合(he)同(tong)主體不同(tong)

勞動(dong)(dong)合(he)同的主(zhu)體(ti)分(fen)別(bie)是用人(ren)單(dan)(dan)位與勞動(dong)(dong)者。用人(ren)單(dan)(dan)位一(yi)方(fang)，可(ke)(ke)以是企業(ye)、個(ge)體(ti)經濟組(zu)織、民辦非企業(ye)單(dan)(dan)位，也可(ke)(ke)以是國家機關、事(shi)業(ye)單(dan)(dan)位、社(she)會團體(ti);勞動(dong)(dong)者一(yi)方(fang)，主(zhu)要是自(zi)(zi)然(ran)人(ren)的個(ge)人(ren)，也可(ke)(ke)以是自(zi)(zi)然(ran)人(ren)的集體(ti)。

建筑施(shi)工(gong)勞(lao)務合同的(de)主體(ti)分別是發包方(fang)與(yu)承(cheng)包方(fang)。發包方(fang)必(bi)(bi)須是具有相(xiang)應(ying)資質(zhi)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)總承(cheng)包企(qi)(qi)業(ye)或者專(zhuan)業(ye)承(cheng)包企(qi)(qi)業(ye);承(cheng)包方(fang)必(bi)(bi)須是具有相(xiang)應(ying)勞(lao)務分包資質(zhi)的(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)。勞(lao)務合同的(de)主體(ti)不(bu)允許(xu)是自(zi)然人(ren)。

三、合同(tong)履(lv)行標(biao)的不同(tong)

勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合(he)同以(yi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動時間長短為履行標(biao)的。用人單位與勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動者之間可以(yi)簽訂固定期限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合(he)同、無固定期限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合(he)同、以(yi)完成一定工作任務為期限(xian)(xian)的勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合(he)同。

建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)勞務(wu)合(he)(he)同是以完成(cheng)具(ju)體勞務(wu)作業(ye)為(wei)履行標(biao)的。發承(cheng)包(bao)雙方只能針(zhen)對具(ju)體勞務(wu)作業(ye)簽訂(ding)勞務(wu)合(he)(he)同，不得簽訂(ding)無具(ju)體施工(gong)內容的“聯(lian)營”、“掛靠(kao)”等勞務(wu)合(he)(he)同。

綜上可見，勞(lao)動合同(tong)與建筑施工勞(lao)務合同(tong)是兩(liang)種性(xing)質完全不同(tong)的合同(tong)，他們(men)之間是不能夠(gou)混淆或相互代替的。

在現(xian)實(shi)中，一些施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業忽視勞(lao)(lao)動合(he)(he)同(tong)管理，違規使(shi)用勞(lao)(lao)動力(li)。他(ta)們一方面為了(le)精簡人(ren)(ren)員，不愿(yuan)與(yu)(yu)大(da)量勞(lao)(lao)動者簽訂勞(lao)(lao)動合(he)(he)同(tong);另一方面為了(le)節省成本，又不愿(yuan)與(yu)(yu)符(fu)合(he)(he)資質的(de)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)分包(bao)企(qi)業簽訶(he)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)合(he)(he)同(tong)。這(zhe)些施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業往(wang)往(wang)與(yu)(yu)不具有勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)分包(bao)資質的(de)包(bao)工(gong)頭或個人(ren)(ren)簽訂所謂的(de)“勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)分包(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)”。據北京某調查機構發布的(de)調研(yan)報告記載：“除了(le)極少數直接跟(gen)著建筑公司(si)項目部干零活的(de)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)以外，絕(jue)大(da)多數工(gong)人(ren)(ren)都隸屬于大(da)大(da)小(xiao)小(xiao)的(de)包(bao)工(gong)隊。

一個包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)隊在工(gong)(gong)地上自成體系，以(yi)包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)頭(tou)為核心形成一個生(sheng)產管理單位，日常管理由包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)頭(tou)或包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)頭(tou)指定的帶(dai)班負責(ze)(ze)，工(gong)(gong)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)發放和生(sheng)活費發放由包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)頭(tou)負責(ze)(ze)，所(suo)有由包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)頭(tou)帶(dai)領的工(gong)(gong)人(ren)都會認包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)頭(tou)是自己的老板(ban)”。有些包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)頭(tou)為了逃避因勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)爭議(yi)而產生(sheng)的法律責(ze)(ze)任，也(ye)不(bu)與勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者簽(qian)訂勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同，當產生(sheng)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)糾紛時，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者往往找不(bu)到責(ze)(ze)任相(xiang)對人(ren)。

當勞(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)要求施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔責任時(shi)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)以(yi)(yi)有(you)“勞(lao)務分包(bao)(bao)合同(tong)(tong)”為由責任推給(gei)包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭;當勞(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)找包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔責任時(shi)，包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭又(you)以(yi)(yi)與(yu)勞(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)沒有(you)勞(lao)動(dong)合同(tong)(tong)為由逃避(bi)責任。這(zhe)(zhe)種包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭與(yu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)之(zhi)間互相(xiang)推卸(xie)責任的做法損害(hai)了(le)勞(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)的合法權(quan)益。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)種情形下，由于包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭不(bu)具有(you)勞(lao)務資質(zhi)，屬(shu)于施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)違(wei)法分包(bao)(bao)。因此在(zai)(zai)處理(li)這(zhe)(zhe)種責任不(bu)清的勞(lao)動(dong)糾(jiu)紛時(shi)，最終只能推定是(shi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)與(yu)勞(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)之(zhi)間存在(zai)(zai)事實上(shang)的勞(lao)動(dong)合同(tong)(tong)關系，由施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)對勞(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔責任和賠償損失(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣的案例(li)已不(bu)在(zai)(zai)少數(shu)。