勞動用工模式及(ji)勞動合同期限

(一)勞動用工模式

根據(ju)《勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)法(fa)(fa)》和《勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同法(fa)(fa)》的(de)規定(ding)，勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)用工(gong)模(mo)式主要(yao)分為三種，即：全日(ri)制勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)用工(gong)模(mo)式、非全日(ri)制勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)用工(gong)模(mo)式以及勞(lao)(lao)務派遣模(mo)式。

1.全日制用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，是(shi)指規(gui)定了(le)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)時間(jian)和(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)合同期(qi)限等主(zhu)要內容的用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)。全日制用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)也是(shi)目前絕(jue)大多數用人(ren)(ren)單位普遍采用的勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)，這種勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)具有(you)穩定性(xing)和(he)(he)持久性(xing)，對用人(ren)(ren)單位培養人(ren)(ren)才、長(chang)遠發(fa)展(zhan)、調動(dong)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作積極性(xing)、形成(cheng)企業凝聚力(li)有(you)利;對勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)者而言具有(you)保障性(xing)、穩定性(xing)和(he)(he)發(fa)揮(hui)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)能力(li)和(he)(he)提升個(ge)人(ren)(ren)有(you)利。

2.非(fei)全(quan)(quan)日制(zhi)用工，是指以小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)計(ji)酬為主(zhu)，勞(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)在同(tong)一(yi)用人單(dan)位(wei)(wei)一(yi)般平均每(mei)日工作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間不(bu)超過4小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，每(mei)周(zhou)工作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間累計(ji)不(bu)超過24小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)的用工模式。這種勞(lao)動(dong)用工模式主(zhu)要適用于兼職類工作(zuo)，對(dui)用人單(dan)位(wei)(wei)而(er)言(yan)(yan)具有操作(zuo)靈活、簡單(dan)易行;對(dui)勞(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)而(er)言(yan)(yan)可以與多個用人單(dan)位(wei)(wei)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)訂立非(fei)全(quan)(quan)日制(zhi)勞(lao)動(dong)合(he)同(tong)。

3.勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(又稱勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動力派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)、人(ren)才租賃)，是指依(yi)法設立(li)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)與勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動者(zhe)訂(ding)立(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合(he)同，依(yi)據與接受勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(實際(ji)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei))訂(ding)立(li)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)協議，將勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動者(zhe)派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)到實際(ji)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，由派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)向勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動者(zhe)支付(fu)工(gong)(gong)資、福利及(ji)社會保險(xian)費用(yong)，實際(ji)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)提供勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動條件(jian)并按(an)照勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)協議支付(fu)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)費用(yong)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動用(yong)工(gong)(gong)模(mo)式。這(zhe)種用(yong)工(gong)(gong)模(mo)式的(de)(de)顯著特征是勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動者(zhe)的(de)(de)聘用(yong)與使(shi)用(yong)相分離。

上述三種用工(gong)模式各有優劣。在建筑(zhu)施工(gong)項目領域，目前(qian)較為普遍的是采用全日制的勞(lao)動用工(gong)模式。

(二)勞動合同期限

根(gen)據《勞(lao)動合(he)同法》的規定，勞(lao)動合(he)同的期(qi)限(xian)分為(wei)三(san)種，即：固定期(qi)限(xian)、無(wu)固定期(qi)限(xian)和(he)以完(wan)成一定工(gong)作任務為(wei)期(qi)限(xian)。用人單位與勞(lao)動者在確定勞(lao)動用工(gong)模式后，可以選擇一種適合(he)的勞(lao)動合(he)同期(qi)限(xian)。

1.固(gu)定期限勞動合同

固定期限勞(lao)動合同，是指用人(ren)單位與勞(lao)動者之(zhi)間明確約(yue)定了終止時間的勞(lao)動合同。

用(yong)人單位(wei)與勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)者協商一致，可以訂立固定(ding)期(qi)(qi)限(xian)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)。用(yong)人單位(wei)和勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)者可以將(jiang)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)期(qi)(qi)限(xian)約定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較短，比(bi)如半年、一年、二年等，亦可以將(jiang)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)期(qi)(qi)限(xian)約定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較長，比(bi)如五(wu)年、十(shi)年等。但不論(lun)用(yong)工時間長短，勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)始和終止日期(qi)(qi)都是固定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)。

2.無固定期限勞動合同

無固定期(qi)限勞動合同，是指用人單位與勞動者之間(jian)明確(que)約定無確(que)定終止時間(jian)的勞動合同。

約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)無(wu)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)終止用工時間，并不意味著勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)不能(neng)終止，更不意味著勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者就(jiu)擁(yong)有了(le)“鐵飯碗”、“終身制”，有些(xie)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者將無(wu)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)限(xian)(xian)(xian)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)視為“護身符”、千方百計要與用人(ren)單位(wei)簽訂無(wu)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)限(xian)(xian)(xian)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong);有些(xie)用人(ren)單位(wei)也將無(wu)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)限(xian)(xian)(xian)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)視為“洪水猛獸”，想方設(she)法(fa)規避與勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者簽訂無(wu)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)限(xian)(xian)(xian)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)，其(qi)實，無(wu)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)限(xian)(xian)(xian)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)，僅(jin)僅(jin)是指勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)期(qi)限(xian)(xian)(xian)的長(chang)短(duan)不能(neng)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，一旦出現了(le)法(fa)律規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的情形(xing)，無(wu)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)限(xian)(xian)(xian)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣(yang)能(neng)夠解除(chu)或者終止。