一、建筑勞務企業的形成和發展過程象

　　建筑勞務(wu)企業(ye)是指(zhi)獨立于工(gong)程(cheng)承包企業(ye)，面向(xiang)建筑市(shi)場.為工(gong)程(cheng)承包企業(ye)提(ti)供勞務(wu)作業(ye)并取(qu)得(de)相(xiang)應(ying)報酬(chou)的建筑活動和務(wu)工(gong)群體。它是建筑業(ye)企業(ye)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)制度改革(ge)，“用(yong)(yong)工(gong)”與“用(yong)(yong)人”相(xiang)分離(li)的產物。我國(guo)建筑勞務(wu)企業(ye)的形(xing)成和發展過程(cheng)，大致經(jing)歷了三(san)個階段。

　　(一)政府于理的有序流動階段

　　20世紀80年代(dai)中期‘建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)隊，基本是(shi)由農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集體經濟組織(zhi)(zhi)派(pai)(pai)出的(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)組合(he)。《國營(ying)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)招用(yong)(yong)農民合(he)同工(gong)(gong)人(ren)和(he)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)隊暫行規定》要(yao)求(qiu)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)隊，須(xu)經當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)政(zheng)府批準，雙方(fang)(fang)必須(xu)簽訂合(he)同。使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)式包(bao)括單純(chun)提供勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)，分部(bu)(bu)(bu)分項承包(bao)工(gong)(gong)程，包(bao)工(gong)(gong)包(bao)料包(bao)費用(yong)(yong)或聯合(he)生產經營(ying).農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)隊承擔施(shi)工(gong)(gong)任務(wu)，必須(xu)持(chi)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)執(zhi)照，領(ling)取施(shi)工(gong)(gong)許(xu)可證。雙方(fang)(fang)必須(xu)簽訂合(he)同并報送當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)城(cheng)鄉建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)對使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)隊，要(yao)在技(ji)術、工(gong)(gong)程質IA、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面給(gei)予幫(bang)助、指導，并進行監督、檢查(cha).建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)推行項目管(guan)(guan)理，實(shi)行“兩層分離”后，為了(le)引導企(qi)業(ye)(ye)合(he)理使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)力(li)(li)資(zi)源，保證建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)有(you)序(xu)流動(dong)，原建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、一(yi)(yi)農業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)公布了(le)一(yi)(yi)批建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)基地(di)(di)(di)(di).勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)輸(shu)出地(di)(di)(di)(di)各級建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)程所在地(di)(di)(di)(di)政(zheng)府密切(qie)配(pei)合(he)，與(yu)大型建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)建(jian)(jian)立(li)了(le)定向輸(shu)送務(wu)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)合(he)作關系。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)輸(shu)出大省強化了(le)技(ji)能培訓、市場分析(xi)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)系列管(guan)(guan)理，并向工(gong)(gong)程所在地(di)(di)(di)(di)派(pai)(pai)出辦事(shi)機構，加強對派(pai)(pai)出勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)隊伍協調和(he)服(fu)務(wu)。同時，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)輸(shu)出地(di)(di)(di)(di)各級建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)大力(li)(li)發(fa)展本省的(de)“龍頭企(qi)業(ye)(ye)”，帶動(dong)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)力(li)(li)從事(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye).總的(de)來看，這一(yi)(yi)階段建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)是(shi)在政(zheng)府部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)、農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集體經濟組織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)調控(kong)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)有(you)效管(guan)(guan)理下有(you)序(xu)流動(dong)的(de)。

　　(二)非法(fa)人化的無(wu)序流動階段

　　20世紀(ji)90年代中期，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)普(pu)遍推行了(le)項目(mu)經(jing)理(li)(li)(li)負責制(zhi)和項目(mu)成(cheng)本(ben)核算(suan)制(zhi)，項目(mu)經(jing)理(li)(li)(li)部(bu)有了(le)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)自主(zhu)權。很(hen)多企(qi)(qi)業(ye)實行了(le)項目(mu)經(jing)營承(cheng)包制(zhi)。一些企(qi)(qi)業(ye)對項目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)失(shi)控(kong)，項目(mu)經(jing)理(li)(li)(li)部(bu)出(chu)于降低成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)需要(yao)，直接(jie)招(zhao)用(yong)(yong)包工(gong)(gong)隊(dui)。一些“包工(gong)(gong)頭”為了(le)規避各種(zhong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)費用(yong)(yong)，逐(zhu)步擺脫了(le)勞(lao)務輸出(chu)地(di)政府部(bu)門、農村(cun)集體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)組(zu)織的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，或(huo)從鄉鎮建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)游離出(chu)來，逐(zhu)步成(cheng)為非法人(ren)(ren)經(jing)濟(ji)實體(ti)和建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)務的(de)主(zhu)體(ti)力量。私人(ren)(ren)承(cheng)攬勞(lao)務作業(ye)，甚至承(cheng)接(jie)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)現象(xiang)在建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)市場迅速(su)蔓延。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)為規避與務工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)勞(lao)動關(guan)系的(de)責任，無(wu)勞(lao)動合同用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)，以及務工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)盲(mang)目(mu)流動的(de)問題相當(dang)普(pu)遍。

　　(三)建筑勞務企業化管理階段

　　從2001年開(kai)始(shi).建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)部根(gen)據(ju)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑法》等有關法律，頒發了(le)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)企業資質標準》，并陸續出(chu)臺了(le)有關規(gui)定(ding)。各地(di)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)行政主管(guan)(guan)(guan)部門將取締“包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)頭”承攬(lan)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)作(zuo)業、規(gui)范企業用(yong)(yong)工(gong)行為作(zuo)為建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑市場(chang)監管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)重要(yao)內容，大(da)(da)(da)力發展勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)企業，培(pei)育建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)市場(chang)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)制(zhi)度(du);一(yi)些建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)輸(shu)出(chu)地(di)政府(fu)積極發展勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)經濟，加大(da)(da)(da)了(le)農村富余勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力轉移(yi)的(de)(de)引(yin)導、管(guan)(guan)(guan)理和(he)服務(wu)的(de)(de)力度(du)，密切加強與(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)所在地(di)政府(fu)和(he)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑業企業的(de)(de)聯(lian)系，根(gen)據(ju)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)單位的(de)(de)需要(yao)，廣泛開(kai)展技術(shu)培(pei)訓，成(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)制(zhi)輸(shu)出(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑務(wu)工(gong)人員;大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑業企業加強了(le)工(gong)程(cheng)項目分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)行為的(de)(de)約束，健全對使用(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)隊伍的(de)(de)遴選與(yu)考核、勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)合(he)同與(yu)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)合(he)同、培(pei)訓教育與(yu)持證上(shang)崗(gang)、勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)統計與(yu)考勤，以及勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)費與(yu)工(gong)資支付等環節的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)和(he)企業用(yong)(yong)工(gong)走上(shang)了(le)企業化、法制(zhi)化、規(gui)范化的(de)(de)軌(gui)道(dao)。

　　二、勞務企業迅速發展，勞務分包市場初步形成

　　(一)勞務分包企(qi)業迅速發展

　　據住房和城(cheng)鄉建(jian)(jian)(jian)設部建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)市場監管司統計，到2002年底(di)，全(quan)國成立建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)企業7500多家。“截止(zhi)到2011年底(di)，全(quan)國具有(you)資質的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)分包企業達到近2萬家，比2002年增長2.7倍。”

　　(二)勞務(wu)分(fen)包市(shi)場初步形(xing)成

　　據住房和城鄉建(jian)設部建(jian)筑市場監管司對24個省(sheng)、自(zi)治區(qu)、直轄市統計(ji)，2007年上述地區(qu)共有在(zai)建(jian)工程(cheng)(cheng)146772個，合同(tong)額12394.32億元，其中由勞務分(fen)包(bao)企(qi)業參與勞務作業分(fen)包(bao)的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)達(da)44804個，勞務分(fen)包(bao)合同(tong)額達(da)2163. 19億元，分(fen)別(bie)占在(zai)建(jian)工程(cheng)(cheng)總數和合同(tong)總額的(de)30.53腸和17.45%。有6個省(sheng)、自(zi)治區(qu)、直轄市由勞務企(qi)業分(fen)包(bao)工程(cheng)(cheng)數量占當地在(zai)建(jian)工程(cheng)(cheng)數量的(de)比(bi)例達(da)到50緯以上。其中天津為100%.山東為69.30%，寧(ning)夏(xia)為63.17%,湖(hu)北為62.23%，河南為61.51%，北京為54.91%。

　　(三)大型企業勞(lao)務分(fen)包愈(yu)識增強(qiang)

　　據(ju)住(zhu)房和(he)(he)城鄉(xiang)建(jian)設部建(jian)筑市場監管司對146家特級企業(ye)的(de)調查，到(dao)2007年11月，上述企業(ye)共(gong)有(you)在(zai)建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)18071個(ge).合(he)(he)(he)同額(e)(e)為9163.24億元(yuan)。其中由(you)勞務(wu)分(fen)包勞務(wu)作(zuo)業(ye)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)13100個(ge)，卜(bu)合(he)(he)(he)同額(e)(e)為1836.29億元(yuan)，分(fen)別(bie)占在(zai)建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)總數(shu)和(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)同總額(e)(e)的(de)72.49%和(he)(he)20. 04%;由(you)其他企業(ye)分(fen)包勞務(wu)作(zuo)業(ye)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)2958個(ge)，合(he)(he)(he)同額(e)(e)為563.4億元(yuan)分(fen)別(bie)占在(zai)建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)總數(shu)和(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)同總額(e)(e)的(de)16.37%和(he)(he)6.15%。