在計劃經(jing)濟體(ti)制(zhi)下，我國建筑業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)一(yi)直實(shi)行(xing)以(yi)固(gu)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，臨時工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)輔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、“鐵(tie)飯碗”式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度(du)。其基本特征為(wei)(wei):國家(jia)(jia)對企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)行(xing)集(ji)中統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指令性計劃管理(li)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒有用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自(zi)主(zhu)權。國家(jia)(jia)依靠行(xing)政手(shou)段控(kong)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)數量、用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)形(xing)式(shi)、用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)辦法，勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作由企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)通過行(xing)政手(shou)段分配(pei)、調整。勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)且成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)某個企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)后，就與所屬單位形(xing)成(cheng)了終(zhong)身制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)關系(xi)(xi)，經(jing)濟和法律憊義上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)關系(xi)(xi)演變(bian)為(wei)(wei)行(xing)政管理(li)關系(xi)(xi)。黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十一(yi)屆三(san)中全(quan)會(hui)以(yi)后，隨(sui)著我國經(jing)濟體(ti)制(zhi)改革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)人(ren)發展(zhan)，建筑業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度(du)也(ye)逐(zhu)漸實(shi)行(xing)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化取向，其改革目標是:把以(yi)固(gu)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度(du)逐(zhu)步改變(bian)為(wei)(wei)多(duo)種形(xing)式(shi)并(bing)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)合(he)同制(zhi)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，這是市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然要求(qiu)。

　　以合(he)同制為特征的用工制度(du)變革(ge)階段(duan)

　　20世紀(ji)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代初，隨著(zhu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民經濟和建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)勞務(wu)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也展現了(le)新局面，1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月頒(ban)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《關于廣開門路、搞活經濟、解(jie)決城(cheng)鎮就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)若干(gan)決定(ding)》中指出(chu)“要實(shi)行合同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、臨時工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、固(gu)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等多種形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度(du)(du)，逐步做到(dao)人員能進能出(chu)”。1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月，經國(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)批準，勞動人事部和城(cheng)鄉建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)環(huan)境保護部門聯(lian)合頒(ban)布(bu)了(le)《國(guo)(guo)(guo)營(ying)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)招用農民合同制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人和使用農民建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)隊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暫行辦法(fa)》，固(gu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞務(wu)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度(du)(du)開始被(bei)打破，形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)多元(yuan)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)式。用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)，也開辟了(le)農村(cun)勞動力參加(jia)(jia)城(cheng)鄉建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途(tu)徑。與此同步，經過改(gai)(gai)革(ge)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)勞動工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探索后，1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)《關于改(gai)(gai)革(ge)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和基本建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)管理體制(zhi)若干(gan)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暫行規(gui)定(ding)》中明確提出(chu)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)除必需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)骨干(gan)外，原則(ze)上(shang)不再招收固(gu)定(ding)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)一政策加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)了(le)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度(du)(du)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)進程。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分配上(shang)，1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)普遍推行百元(yuan)產值工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)含(han)量包干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)，調動了(le)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性。

　　1986年(nian)7月(yue)國務院發布了(le)《國營(ying)企業(ye)實行(xing)勞動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)暫行(xing)規(gui)定》等系(xi)列(lie)文件，提出在國營(ying)企業(ye)實行(xing)勞動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)，規(gui)定從1986年(nian)10月(yue)1日(ri)起，企業(ye)在國家勞動(dong)(dong)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)計劃指(zhi)標內(nei)招用(yong)常年(nian)性工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作崗位上的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人.除國家另(ling)有(you)特(te)殊(shu)規(gui)定外，統一實行(xing)同(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)。具(ju)體用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，可以(yi)招收5年(nian)以(yi)內(nei)長(chang)期工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，1-5年(nian)內(nei)的短期工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和定期輪(lun)換(huan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，但(dan)是規(gui)定指(zhi)出，不論采取何種形(xing)(xing)式(shi)都必須簽訂勞動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)。在實行(xing)勞動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)的同(tong)時，原(yuan)先的子女(nv)頂替制(zhi)(zhi)度和內(nei)招制(zhi)(zhi)度也(ye)一律(lv)廢止.這標志(zhi)著我(wo)國用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)度有(you)了(le)重大的突破，使建筑用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)度走向法制(zhi)(zhi)化軌道。

　　徹底改變(bian)，雇(gu)用農(nong)民(min)工(gong)(gong)的(de)成本遠低于固定工(gong)(gong)成本，且為建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)造出的(de)利(li)潤也在(zai)逐年增加。由此(ci)大(da)量(liang)的(de)農(nong)村剩余勞動力，以(yi)農(nong)民(min)合同制工(gong)(gong)人(ren)、組建(jian)農(nong)民(min)建(jian)筑(zhu)隊(dui)及以(yi)包工(gong)(gong)頭帶隊(dui)的(de)形式進人(ren)建(jian)筑(zhu)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。1986年建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)用工(gong)(gong)制度改革在(zai)全行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)得到推行(xing)(xing).城鄉建(jian)設系統的(de)國營建(jian)筑(zhu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)合同制工(gong)(gong)人(ren)占到固定工(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍15%.企業(ye)(ye)(ye)使用的(de)農(nong)村建(jian)筑(zhu)隊(dui)已達自身施(shi)工(gong)(gong)

　　由于固定工(gong)的(de)“鐵飯碗”被打(da)破，企(qi)業擁有了(le)自行招工(gong)的(de)權利。固化的(de)勞(lao)務用工(gong)方式力量的(de)25%左右，大多(duo)數施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業農民(min)合同制工(gong)人(ren)已占一線(xian)生產工(gong)人(ren)的(de)50%-60%,初步形成了(le)以(yi)固定工(gong)為(wei)骨干，以(yi)農民(min)合同工(gong)為(wei)基本力量，以(yi)農村建筑隊伍(wu)為(wei)調劑力盆的(de)彈性的(de)用工(gong)制度。其優勢體現(xian)在：

　　第一、企(qi)業(ye)形(xing)成(cheng)了靈活的(de)可調節用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機制(zhi)，有利(li)于從宏觀上保持基(ji)建(jian)投資規模與施工(gong)(gong)(gong)力(li)量的(de)相對平衡.減(jian)輕由于基(ji)建(jian)任務波動(dong)對施工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)產生的(de)壓力(li)和沖擊。彈性用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)建(jian)立加快工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)建(jian)設實行動(dong)態管理和勞動(dong)優化組合，工(gong)(gong)(gong)期縮短、成(cheng)本(ben)降低、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量和企(qi)業(ye)經濟效益大(da)幅(fu)度(du)提高，促(cu)進(jin)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)管理體制(zhi)的(de)改革和項目(mu)管理的(de)規范化、標(biao)準化，逐步接(jie)(jie)近國際承(cheng)包市場慣例(li)，從而促(cu)使國內承(cheng)包市場與國際承(cheng)包市場順利(li)接(jie)(jie)軌。

　　第(di)二、可以吸收(shou)經濟結(jie)(jie)構調整中的大(da)盆(pen)勞動(dong)力(li)(li)。建筑業市場(chang)容盆(pen)大(da)，屬勞務(wu)密集型行業，技(ji)術要(yao)求相對較低，可以容納(na)我國經濟結(jie)(jie)構調整、農村潛在勞務(wu)市場(chang)所釋放的富余勞動(dong)力(li)(li)，從(cong)而(er)緩解社會就業壓力(li)(li)。

　　第三、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業隊(dui)伍(wu)結構趨向(xiang)合(he)理(li)。全民所有(you)制建筑(zhu)企業固定工(gong)(gong)(gong)比例已由(you)83%減少到(dao)60%左右，大批的瓦工(gong)(gong)(gong)、抹灰工(gong)(gong)(gong)、混凝土工(gong)(gong)(gong)等緊缺工(gong)(gong)(gong)種得到(dao)補充.緩解(jie)了建筑(zhu)企業用工(gong)(gong)(gong)比例失調的矛盾，且一(yi)線工(gong)(gong)(gong)人年(nian)齡明(ming)顯下降，‘個符合(he)建筑(zhu)業特點、城鄉結合(he)的建筑(zhu)隊(dui)伍(wu)結構已基本(ben)形成。

　　第四(si)、國家和企業(ye)的負擔(dan)大(da)大(da)減輕。“一五(wu)”至“四(si)五(wu)”時期，國家支付(fu)施工(gong)隊伍(wu)調遷費達20多億元.“五(wu)五(wu)”期間建筑隊伍(wu)流量超過前20年。改(gai)革(ge)開放后(hou)基(ji)本上沒有支付(fu)調遷費，同時在住房(fang)、子女人托上學(xue)、家屬就業(ye)方面.負擔(dan)也相對減輕。