發布日期(qi):2020-04-08 01:31:01 瀏覽次數:1707
通常情況下,建筑施(shi)工企業勞(lao)(lao)務成(cheng)本(ben)約占總成(cheng)本(ben)的20%~35%,需要大量的勞(lao)(lao)務人(ren)員。實(shi)際上一般工程項(xiang)目的工期通常不到(dao)3年(nian),所以勞(lao)(lao)務用工的特點(dian)是期限短、流動性(xing)強。勞(lao)(lao)務人(ren)員絕大多數(shu)都是農村(cun)戶口(kou),為(wei)(wei)其購買(mai)社會保險和住房公積(ji)金不太(tai)現實(shi),甚(shen)至有些工人(ren)寧愿放棄(qi)用人(ren)單(dan)位為(wei)(wei)其購買(mai)五險一金,這(zhe)就為(wei)(wei)建筑公司勞(lao)(lao)務用工帶來很大風險。
(一)勞資糾紛(fen)風險
施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)地(di)安(an)全(quan)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)時有(you)發生,所以(yi)(yi)建筑公(gong)(gong)(gong)司一(yi)般都(dou)要(yao)為(wei)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)購買(mai)商業保險(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)社會保險(xian)(xian)(xian),但很(hen)少有(you)給勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)購買(mai)五險(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)金的(de)。除了用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)不愿為(wei)其承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)這(zhe)部(bu)分(fen)成本外,勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)本人(ren)也(ye)不太愿意接受(shou)這(zhe)樣的(de)福利(li)。主要(yao)原因(yin)有(you)以(yi)(yi)下四方面:第(di)一(yi),大多(duo)數勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)為(wei)農(nong)民工(gong)(gong),他(ta)們基本上(shang)都(dou)辦理了新型農(nong)村合作醫療保險(xian)(xian)(xian),再(zai)買(mai)社保就重復繳納醫療保險(xian)(xian)(xian)部(bu)分(fen),如果(guo)既有(you)新農(nong)合又參(can)加了社保,對于醫療保險(xian)(xian)(xian)只能選(xuan)擇(ze)其一(yi)報(bao)銷。第(di)二(er),五險(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)金是(shi)(shi)(shi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)和(he)個人(ren)共同(tong)負擔(dan)(dan)的(de),有(you)些勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)觀念(nian)上(shang)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)接受(shou)由個人(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)。第(di)三,勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)性很(hen)大,工(gong)(gong)作地(di)點經常(chang)轉移,甚至還跨省(sheng)轉移,辦理社保遷移是(shi)(shi)(shi)非常(chang)麻煩的(de)。第(di)四,有(you)些大齡勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)即(ji)使(shi)參(can)保也(ye)可(ke)能累計達不到15年(nian)的(de)養老保險(xian)(xian)(xian)繳費的(de)最低年(nian)限。無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)主觀原因(yin)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)客觀原因(yin),也(ye)不管是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)為(wei)了節(jie)約(yue)成本還是(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)主動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)放棄,用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)都(dou)無法逃避(bi)為(wei)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)購買(mai)五險(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)金的(de)法律責任,但如果(guo)能通過勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司派遣勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)或者(zhe)將勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)包給勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司,就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)將部(bu)分(fen)安(an)全(quan)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)資(zi)糾紛(fen)轉嫁給勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司。根據(ju)《勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合同(tong)法》第(di)九(jiu)十二(er)條規定:用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)給被(bei)派遣勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)造成損害的(de),勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)派遣單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)與用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)連帶賠償責任。
(二)稅務(wu)風險
建筑企業員工(gong)可以(yi)分(fen)為固定工(gong)和臨時工(gong)。用(yong)人(ren)單位(wei)支(zhi)付的工(gong)資(zi)往往會因為沒有(you)簽訂正式的勞(lao)動(dong)合同(tong)、未購買(mai)社會保險(xian)和住房公積(ji)金、工(gong)資(zi)未通過銀行結(jie)算(suan)等緣由而無法(fa)在(zai)所(suo)得(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)前扣除。勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)報(bao)酬(chou)所(suo)得(de)(de)根據(ju)《個人(ren)所(suo)得(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)法(fa)》規定,每次收入不超過4000元(yuan)(yuan)的,扣除比(bi)例為800元(yuan)(yuan),超過4000元(yuan)(yuan)的,按(an)20%扣除費(fei)用(yong),稅(shui)(shui)率(lv)為20%。顯然(ran),按(an)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)報(bao)酬(chou)比(bi)按(an)工(gong)資(zi)薪金所(suo)得(de)(de)計算(suan)的個人(ren)所(suo)得(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)要高(gao),如果支(zhi)付的勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)用(yong)金額較大,有(you)些稅(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)(wu)部門還要求必須(xu)到稅(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)(wu)部門代(dai)開增(zeng)值稅(shui)(shui)發票(piao)。對于支(zhi)付給勞(lao)動(dong)者的報(bao)酬(chou)到底是按(an)工(gong)資(zi)薪金所(suo)得(de)(de)還是按(an)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)報(bao)酬(chou)所(suo)得(de)(de)計算(suan)繳(jiao)納個人(ren)所(suo)得(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui),或者是按(an)工(gong)程分(fen)包繳(jiao)納增(zeng)值稅(shui)(shui),實務(wu)(wu)(wu)操作中觀點并不一致,認定標準也不統一,存在(zai)很大的稅(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)(wu)風險(xian)。
建筑(zhu)勞務的(de)會(hui)計核算和稅(shui)務怎么處理更合理合法合規(gui)?
臨時(shi)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)工(gong)人(ren)、勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣人(ren)員都是企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)。根據2014年(nian)《企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)會計準則第(di)9號—職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)薪酬》第(di)三條(tiao):“本準則所(suo)稱職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong),是指(zhi)與企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)訂立(li)勞(lao)(lao)動合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)所(suo)有人(ren)員,含全職(zhi)(zhi)、兼職(zhi)(zhi)和臨時(shi)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong),也(ye)包(bao)括雖未(wei)(wei)與企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)訂立(li)勞(lao)(lao)動合同(tong)(tong)但由企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)正(zheng)式(shi)任(ren)命(ming)的(de)(de)人(ren)員。未(wei)(wei)與企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)訂立(li)勞(lao)(lao)動合同(tong)(tong)或未(wei)(wei)由其(qi)正(zheng)式(shi)任(ren)命(ming),但向(xiang)(xiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)所(suo)提(ti)供服(fu)(fu)務(wu)與職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)所(suo)提(ti)供服(fu)(fu)務(wu)類似(si)的(de)(de)人(ren)員,也(ye)屬于職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)的(de)(de)范(fan)疇,包(bao)括通(tong)過企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)與勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)中介公(gong)司簽訂用工(gong)合同(tong)(tong)而向(xiang)(xiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)提(ti)供服(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)人(ren)員。”
根據《勞(lao)動(dong)合同(tong)法》第六十(shi)三(san)條:“被派遣勞(lao)動(dong)者享有與用工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)者同(tong)工(gong)同(tong)酬(chou)(chou)的(de)權利。用工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)無同(tong)類崗位(wei)勞(lao)動(dong)者的(de),參照用工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)所在地相同(tong)或者相近(jin)崗位(wei)勞(lao)動(dong)者的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)報酬(chou)(chou)確定。”
《國(guo)家稅(shui)務(wu)總局關于企業工資(zi)薪(xin)金(jin)和職工福利費(fei)(fei)等(deng)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)稅(shui)前扣除(chu)問題的(de)(de)(de)公告》國(guo)家稅(shui)務(wu)總局公告2015年第34號第三條:“企業接(jie)受外部勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣(qian)用(yong)工所實際發生的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong),應(ying)分兩種情況(kuang)按(an)規(gui)定在稅(shui)前扣除(chu):按(an)照協(xie)議(合同)約(yue)定直(zhi)接(jie)支(zhi)(zhi)付給勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣(qian)公司的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong),應(ying)作(zuo)為(wei)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)費(fei)(fei)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu);直(zhi)接(jie)支(zhi)(zhi)付給員(yuan)工個人的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong),應(ying)作(zuo)為(wei)工資(zi)薪(xin)金(jin)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)和職工福利費(fei)(fei)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)。其(qi)中屬于工資(zi)薪(xin)金(jin)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong),準予計入企業工資(zi)薪(xin)金(jin)總額的(de)(de)(de)基數,作(zuo)為(wei)計算其(qi)他各項相關費(fei)(fei)用(yong)扣除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)依據。”
《財政部國家稅(shui)(shui)務總(zong)局關于小(xiao)型微(wei)利企(qi)業所得稅(shui)(shui)優惠政策(ce)的(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》(財稅(shui)(shui)〔2015〕34號)明確,企(qi)業所得稅(shui)(shui)法(fa)實(shi)施條例(li)所稱的(de)從業人(ren)數(shu),包括(kuo)與企(qi)業建(jian)立(li)勞動關系的(de)職工人(ren)數(shu)和企(qi)業接受的(de)勞務派遣用工人(ren)數(shu)。
根(gen)據以上規定,勞(lao)務工(gong)人(ren)無論是(shi)與用工(gong)單位簽訂(ding)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong),還是(shi)與勞(lao)務中介公司(si)簽訂(ding)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong),均(jun)應享(xiang)有和其他(ta)職工(gong)同(tong)工(gong)同(tong)酬的(de)權利,取得(de)(de)的(de)收入應作為工(gong)資、薪(xin)金所(suo)得(de)(de)計(ji)算繳納個人(ren)所(suo)得(de)(de)稅。
建(jian)筑(zhu)勞(lao)務(wu)的會(hui)計核算和(he)稅務(wu)怎么(me)處理更合理合法合規?
(一)勞務分包會計核算與稅(shui)務處理
勞務(wu)分包會計(ji)(ji)核(he)算(suan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)與建(jian)筑(zhu)工程勞務(wu)會計(ji)(ji)核(he)算(suan)基(ji)本一(yi)致(zhi)。建(jian)筑(zhu)企業適用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)般計(ji)(ji)稅(shui)(shui)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de),以(yi)取(qu)得(de)的(de)全(quan)部價(jia)款和(he)價(jia)外(wai)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)為銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)額計(ji)(ji)算(suan)應納增(zeng)(zeng)值稅(shui)(shui)額,分包勞務(wu)憑(ping)分包單位開(kai)具的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)值稅(shui)(shui)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)發票抵扣。如果試點納稅(shui)(shui)人提供建(jian)筑(zhu)服務(wu)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)簡(jian)易計(ji)(ji)稅(shui)(shui)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de),以(yi)取(qu)得(de)的(de)全(quan)部價(jia)款和(he)價(jia)外(wai)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)扣除支(zhi)付的(de)分包款后的(de)余額為銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)額計(ji)(ji)算(suan)繳(jiao)納增(zeng)(zeng)值稅(shui)(shui)。
(二)勞務派遣會(hui)計核算與稅務處理
根據《營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)改(gai)征(zheng)增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)試點(dian)(dian)(dian)有關企業(ye)(ye)會(hui)計處理(li)規(gui)定》(財會(hui)[2012]13號(hao)),一般納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)提供(gong)應(ying)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)服務,試點(dian)(dian)(dian)期間按(an)(an)(an)照營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)改(gai)征(zheng)增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有關規(gui)定允許(xu)從銷(xiao)售額(e)(e)中扣除其支付給(gei)非試點(dian)(dian)(dian)納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)價(jia)款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de),應(ying)在“應(ying)交(jiao)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)費——應(ying)交(jiao)增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)”科目下增(zeng)設(she)“營(ying)(ying)改(gai)增(zeng)抵減(jian)的(de)(de)(de)銷(xiao)項稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)額(e)(e)”專(zhuan)欄,用于記錄(lu)該企業(ye)(ye)因按(an)(an)(an)規(gui)定扣減(jian)銷(xiao)售額(e)(e)而(er)減(jian)少的(de)(de)(de)銷(xiao)項稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)額(e)(e)。小規(gui)模納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)提供(gong)應(ying)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)服務,試點(dian)(dian)(dian)期間按(an)(an)(an)照營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)改(gai)征(zheng)增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有關規(gui)定允許(xu)從銷(xiao)售額(e)(e)中扣除其支付給(gei)非試點(dian)(dian)(dian)納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)價(jia)款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de),按(an)(an)(an)規(gui)定扣減(jian)銷(xiao)售額(e)(e)而(er)減(jian)少的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)交(jiao)增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)應(ying)直接沖減(jian)“應(ying)交(jiao)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)費——應(ying)交(jiao)增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)”科目。
根據(ju)“財稅(shui)(shui)〔2016〕47號(hao)”,一般納(na)稅(shui)(shui)人(ren)或者(zhe)小規模納(na)稅(shui)(shui)人(ren)選擇差額納(na)稅(shui)(shui)的規定(ding)是完全一致的,下(xia)面(mian)主要舉例說明采用差額納(na)稅(shui)(shui)的會計處理。
1、勞務(wu)派遣公司選擇差(cha)額納(na)稅(shui),工資及五險一(yi)金由(you)勞務(wu)派遣公司代付
例1:勞(lao)(lao)務派遣(qian)公司為(wei)一般納(na)稅人,2017年10月從用(yong)工(gong)單位取得勞(lao)(lao)務派遣(qian)服務含稅銷售收(shou)(shou)入(ru)100萬元,其中,代用(yong)工(gong)單位支(zhi)付給被派遣(qian)勞(lao)(lao)動者的(de)工(gong)資80萬元,購(gou)買社會保(bao)險及(ji)住(zhu)房公積金的(de)費(fei)用(yong)為(wei)15萬元,勞(lao)(lao)務派遣(qian)公司選擇(ze)適用(yong)差(cha)額納(na)稅,征(zheng)收(shou)(shou)率為(wei)5%。
按(an)全(quan)額(e)計算的增值稅(shui)額(e)=100×5%÷(1+5%)=4.76萬元(yuan)
允許抵(di)減的銷項稅(shui)額(e)=95×5%÷(1+5%)=4.52萬元
按簡易(yi)計(ji)稅方法計(ji)算的(de)應(ying)交增值稅=(100-95)×5%÷(1+5%)=0.24萬元
勞務(wu)派(pai)遣公司(si)賬務(wu)處理(li):
(1)提供勞務派遣(qian)服務,收(shou)到款項或取(qu)得(de)收(shou)取(qu)價款的憑證時
借:應收賬款(銀行存款)等(deng) 100萬元
貸(dai):應交稅費-應交增值稅-簡易計(ji)稅 4.76萬(wan)元(yuan)
主營業務收入-人力資源服務—勞務派遣 95.24萬元
其中(zhong),勞務派(pai)遣(qian)公司向用(yong)工(gong)單(dan)位收取的95萬元(yuan)可以出具(ju)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)發(fa)(fa)票,用(yong)工(gong)單(dan)位也可以根據扣繳(jiao)個人所(suo)得稅(shui)以后(hou)的工(gong)資表在成(cheng)本費(fei)用(yong)中(zhong)列支(zhi)而無需(xu)取得派(pai)遣(qian)單(dan)位的普(pu)(pu)通(tong)發(fa)(fa)票。余下的5萬元(yuan)相當于勞務派(pai)遣(qian)公司收取的手(shou)續費(fei)可以開具(ju)增值稅(shui)專用(yong)發(fa)(fa)票。
(2)支付被派遣勞動者工資、福(fu)利和五(wu)險一(yi)金(jin)
借:主營業務成本 90.48萬(wan)元
應交稅(shui)費(fei)-應交增(zeng)值稅(shui)-營改增(zeng)抵減的銷項稅(shui)額(e) 4.52萬元
貸:應付(fu)職工薪(xin)酬—工資 80萬元
應付職工(gong)薪酬—五險一(yi)金(jin) 15萬元
代用(yong)工(gong)單(dan)位支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)的(de)被派(pai)遣(qian)勞動者的(de)工(gong)資80萬元,五(wu)險一金15萬元為(wei)代收(shou)代付(fu)(fu)款項,列支(zhi)成本費用(yong)時無須取得發(fa)票。可抵減的(de)銷項稅額(e)根據用(yong)工(gong)單(dan)位支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)的(de)工(gong)資和(he)“五(wu)險一金”計算扣除。
(3)月末(mo)結(jie)轉未繳增值稅
借:應交稅(shui)(shui)費—應交增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)—轉出未交增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(4.76-4.52) 0.24萬元(yuan)
貸:應交(jiao)稅費—未交(jiao)增值稅(實(shi)際繳納數) 0.24萬(wan)元
一般納(na)(na)(na)稅(shui)人交(jiao)(jiao)納(na)(na)(na)的(de)增(zeng)值稅(shui)在“應(ying)交(jiao)(jiao)稅(shui)費-未交(jiao)(jiao)增(zeng)值稅(shui)”下(xia)核(he)算(suan)。小規模納(na)(na)(na)稅(shui)人選(xuan)擇差額納(na)(na)(na)稅(shui)時繳納(na)(na)(na)的(de)增(zeng)值稅(shui)在“應(ying)交(jiao)(jiao)稅(shui)費-應(ying)交(jiao)(jiao)增(zeng)值稅(shui)”下(xia)核(he)算(suan),除此以(yi)外與一般納(na)(na)(na)稅(shui)人核(he)算(suan)方法相同。
2、勞務派遣公司(si)選擇差額納(na)稅,工資由(you)用工單(dan)位直接支付
例2:勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣(qian)(qian)(qian)公(gong)司(si)(si)為一(yi)般納稅(shui)人,被派遣(qian)(qian)(qian)勞(lao)(lao)動者的(de)工(gong)資由用工(gong)單位直接支付(fu),2017年10月從用工(gong)單位取得(de)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣(qian)(qian)(qian)服務(wu)含(han)稅(shui)收入20萬(wan)元,其(qi)中,購買(mai)社會保險及住房公(gong)積金的(de)費用為15萬(wan)元,勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣(qian)(qian)(qian)公(gong)司(si)(si)選擇(ze)適用差(cha)額(e)納稅(shui),征(zheng)收率為5%。
按(an)全額計算的增值稅額=20×5%÷(1+5%)=0.95萬元
允許抵減(jian)的(de)銷項稅額=15×5%÷(1+5%)=0.71萬元
按簡易計稅方法計算(suan)的應交增(zeng)值稅=(20-15)×5%÷(1+5%)=0.24萬元
勞務(wu)派遣公司賬務(wu)處理:
(1)收到用工單位支付的派遣費用
借:應收賬款(銀(yin)行存(cun)款)等 20萬元
貸:應交(jiao)稅費-應交(jiao)增(zeng)值稅-簡易計稅 0.95萬元
主營業(ye)務收入-人(ren)力資(zi)源(yuan)服務—勞務派遣 19.05萬元(yuan)
其(qi)中(zhong),勞務派(pai)遣公司(si)向(xiang)用工單(dan)位收取(qu)的(de)(de)15萬元(yuan)可以出(chu)具(ju)普通發(fa)票,用工單(dan)位也可以根據扣繳(jiao)個(ge)人(ren)所得稅以后的(de)(de)工資表在成本費(fei)用中(zhong)列支(zhi)而無需取(qu)得派(pai)遣單(dan)位的(de)(de)普通發(fa)票。余下的(de)(de)5萬元(yuan)相當于勞務派(pai)遣公司(si)收取(qu)的(de)(de)手續費(fei)可以開具(ju)增值稅專用發(fa)票。
(2)支(zhi)付(fu)被派遣勞動者五險一金
借(jie):主營業務成(cheng)本 14.29萬元
應交稅(shui)費-應交增值(zhi)稅(shui)-營改增抵減(jian)的銷項稅(shui)額(e) 0.71萬元
貸:應(ying)付職(zhi)工薪(xin)酬—五險一金 15萬元(yuan)
代(dai)(dai)用工單(dan)位支(zhi)付的(de)被派遣勞動者的(de)五險(xian)一(yi)金15萬元為代(dai)(dai)收代(dai)(dai)付款項,列支(zhi)成本費用時(shi)無須取得(de)發票。可(ke)抵減的(de)銷項稅額根據用工單(dan)位支(zhi)付的(de)“五險(xian)一(yi)金”計算(suan)扣除。
(3)月末結(jie)轉未繳增值(zhi)稅(shui)
借:應交(jiao)稅費—應交(jiao)增(zeng)(zeng)值稅—轉出未交(jiao)增(zeng)(zeng)值稅(0.95-0.71) 0.24萬元
貸:應交稅(shui)費—未交增值稅(shui)(實際繳納(na)數) 0.24萬元
(一)稅務規定
有建筑施工(gong)資質的(de)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)司不但可以承攬建筑勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分包業務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),還可以從事(shi)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)派遣(qian)(qian)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),沒有建筑施工(gong)資質的(de)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)司則只能從事(shi)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)派遣(qian)(qian)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。根據財務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)[2016]36號文件(jian)規定,勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)派遣(qian)(qian)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬于商務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)輔助服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)-人力資源(yuan)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),稅率為6%。《關于進(jin)一步明確全面推(tui)開營改增(zeng)試點有關勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)派遣(qian)(qian)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、收費(fei)公(gong)路通行費(fei)抵扣等(deng)政策的(de)通知(zhi)》(財稅〔2016〕47號)對勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)派遣(qian)(qian)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)稅務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)政策作了詳細說明。
(二)稅負測算(suan)
例(li)1:假設建(jian)筑公(gong)司(si)為一般納稅(shui)人(ren),適用一般計(ji)(ji)稅(shui)方法(fa)。2017年實現銷售收入(ru)16,216.22萬(wan)元(yuan),銷項(xiang)稅(shui)額1,783.78萬(wan)元(yuan);材料采(cai)購(gou)及機械(xie)成本(ben)合(he)計(ji)(ji)8,174.58萬(wan)元(yuan),累(lei)計(ji)(ji)進項(xiang)稅(shui)額908.99萬(wan)元(yuan);共發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)工(gong)費支出6,468.57萬(wan)元(yuan)。比(bi)較建(jian)筑勞務分別采(cai)用勞務派遣、分包、自營情況下,建(jian)筑公(gong)司(si)和勞務公(gong)司(si)稅(shui)負(fu)及現金凈流量。
建筑(zhu)公司(si)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值稅(shui)率為(wei)11%。勞務(wu)(wu)派遣(qian)一般納稅(shui)人適用增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值稅(shui)率為(wei)6%,小(xiao)規模納稅(shui)人適用增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值稅(shui)率為(wei)3%,如果選擇差額征稅(shui),稅(shui)率為(wei)5%。所得稅(shui)稅(shui)率為(wei)25%。假設勞務(wu)(wu)公司(si)利(li)潤率為(wei)10%,無進項(xiang)稅(shui)額可以抵扣。
勞務(wu)公司含稅銷(xiao)售收入=6,468.57÷(1-10%)=7,187.30萬元
1、采用勞務(wu)派遣(qian)方式,勞務(wu)公(gong)司(si)按照一般計稅(shui)方法(fa)繳納增(zeng)值稅(shui)時,建(jian)筑公(gong)司(si)與勞務(wu)公(gong)司(si)稅(shui)負及現金凈流量
勞務公(gong)司(si)銷項稅額=7,187.30÷(1+6%)×6%=406.83萬元
建筑公司應繳增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)=1,783.78-908.99-406.83=467.96萬元(yuan)
兩公司合計應繳增值(zhi)稅=406.83+467.96=874.79萬元
勞務公(gong)司應繳(jiao)所得稅=(7,187.30-406.83-6,468.57)×25%=77.98萬元
勞務公司現金凈(jing)流(liu)量(liang)=7,187.30-6,468.57-406.83-77.98=233.92萬(wan)元(yuan)
建筑公司應繳所得稅(shui)=[16,216.22-8,174.58-7,187.30÷(1+6%)]×25%=315.29萬元(yuan)
建筑公司現金凈流(liu)量=(16,216.22+1,783.78)-(8,174.58+908.99+7,187.30)-467.96-315.29=945.88萬元
兩(liang)公(gong)司合計現金(jin)凈(jing)流量=233.92+945.88=1,179.80萬元
2、采(cai)用勞(lao)務(wu)派遣方(fang)式,勞(lao)務(wu)公司按照(zhao)簡易方(fang)法繳納(na)增(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)時,建筑公司與勞(lao)務(wu)公司稅(shui)負(fu)及現(xian)金凈(jing)流量
勞務公(gong)司銷(xiao)項(xiang)稅額=7,187.30÷(1+3%)×3%=209.34萬元
建(jian)筑公司應繳增(zeng)值稅=1,783.78-908.99-209.34=665.45萬元
兩(liang)公司合計應繳(jiao)增值稅=209.34+665.45=874.79萬元
勞務公司應繳所得稅=(7,187.30-209.34-6,468.57)×25%=127.35萬元
勞務公司現金凈流量(liang)=7,187.30-6,468.57-209.34-127.35=382.04萬元
建筑公司應繳所(suo)得稅=[16,216.22-8,174.58-7,187.30÷(1+3%)]×25%=265.92萬(wan)元
建筑公司現金凈流量(liang)=(16,216.22+1,783.78)-(8,174.58+908.99+7,187.30)-665.45-265.92=797.76萬元(yuan)
兩公司合計(ji)現金凈(jing)流量=382.04+797.76=1,179.80萬元(yuan)
3、采用勞務(wu)派遣方(fang)式,勞務(wu)公(gong)司(si)選(xuan)擇差額(e)納稅時,建筑公(gong)司(si)與勞務(wu)公(gong)司(si)稅負(fu)及(ji)現金凈(jing)流量
勞務公司銷(xiao)項(xiang)稅額=7,187.30×10%÷(1+5%)×5%=34.23萬元
建筑公司應繳增值稅=1,783.78-908.99-34.23=840.56萬(wan)元
兩(liang)公(gong)司(si)合計(ji)應繳增值稅=34.23+840.56=874.79萬元
勞務公(gong)司(si)應繳所得稅(shui)=(7,187.30×10%-34.23)×25%=171.13萬元
勞(lao)務公(gong)司現金(jin)凈流(liu)量=718.73-34.23-171.13=513.37萬元(yuan)
建筑(zhu)公(gong)司應(ying)繳(jiao)所得(de)稅(shui)=[16,216.22-8,174.58-718.73÷(1+5%)-6,468.57]×25%=222.14萬元(yuan)
建筑公司現金凈流量=(16,216.22+1,783.78)-(8,174.58+908.99+6,468.57+718.73)-840.56-222.14=666.43萬元(yuan)
兩公(gong)司合計現金(jin)凈流量=513.37+666.43=1,179.80萬元
4、采用勞務(wu)分包方式,勞務(wu)公司(si)為一(yi)般納稅(shui)人時,建筑公司(si)與勞務(wu)公司(si)稅(shui)負及現(xian)金(jin)凈流量
勞務公司銷(xiao)項稅額=7,187.30÷(1+11%)×11%=712.25萬元
建筑公司應繳增值(zhi)稅=1,783.78-908.99-712.25=162.54萬元
兩公(gong)司合計應繳增值稅=712.25+162.54=874.79萬元(yuan)
勞(lao)務(wu)公司應繳所得稅=(7,187.30-712.25-6,468.57)×25%=1.62萬元
勞務公司現(xian)金凈流量=7,187.30-6,468.57-712.25-1.62=4.86萬元
建筑公司(si)應繳所得(de)稅=[16,216.22-8,174.58-7,187.30÷(1+11%)]×25%=391.65萬元
建筑公司現金凈流量=(16,216.22+1,783.78)-(8,174.58+908.99+7,187.30)-162.54-391.65=1174.94萬元
兩公司合(he)計現金凈(jing)流量(liang)=4.86+1,174.94=1,179.80萬元
5、采用勞(lao)務(wu)分包方(fang)式(shi),勞(lao)務(wu)公司為小(xiao)規模(mo)納(na)稅人時,建筑公司與勞(lao)務(wu)公司稅負(fu)及現金(jin)凈流量
勞(lao)務(wu)公司銷(xiao)項稅額(e)=7,187.30÷(1+3%)×3%=209.34萬元
建筑公司(si)應(ying)繳增值稅=1,783.78-908.99-209.34=665.45萬元
兩(liang)公司合計(ji)應繳增值稅=209.34+665.45=874.79萬(wan)元
勞務(wu)公司應繳所得(de)稅=(7,187.30-209.34-6,468.57)×25%=127.35萬(wan)元
勞務公司現(xian)金凈流量(liang)=7,187.30-6,468.57-209.34-127.35=382.04萬元(yuan)
建筑公(gong)司應繳所得稅=[16,216.22-8,174.58-7,187.30÷(1+3%)]×25%=265.92萬(wan)元(yuan)
建筑公司(si)現金凈(jing)流量=(16,216.22+1,783.78)-(8,174.58+908.99+7,187.30)-665.45-265.92=797.76萬元
兩(liang)公司(si)合計現金凈(jing)流量=382.04+797.76=1,179.80萬元(yuan)
6、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)不分包(bao)也(ye)不接受(shou)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣時,建筑公(gong)司(si)與(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)司(si)稅(shui)負及現(xian)金(jin)凈流量(liang)
建筑公司應(ying)繳增值稅=1,783.78-908.99=874.79萬元
建筑公(gong)司應(ying)繳所得稅=(16,216.22-8,174.58-6,468.57)×25%=393.27萬元
建筑公(gong)司現金(jin)凈流量(liang)=(16,216.22+1,783.78)-(8,174.58+908.99+6,468.57)-874.79-393.27=1,179.80萬元
(一(yi))如(ru)果(guo)建筑公(gong)(gong)司為一(yi)般(ban)納(na)稅(shui)人,且采(cai)(cai)用(yong)一(yi)般(ban)計(ji)稅(shui)方法計(ji)稅(shui),無論接受勞(lao)務(wu)派遣,還(huan)是(shi)采(cai)(cai)取勞(lao)務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包方式(shi)將勞(lao)務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包給專業(ye)勞(lao)務(wu)公(gong)(gong)司,還(huan)是(shi)建筑公(gong)(gong)司包工包料全部自營,無論采(cai)(cai)取哪(na)種方式(shi),建筑公(gong)(gong)司和(he)勞(lao)務(wu)公(gong)(gong)司繳納(na)的增值稅(shui)總額(e)相等,如(ru)果(guo)都不存在虧損,兩個公(gong)(gong)司繳納(na)的所得(de)稅(shui)合計(ji)和(he)現金凈(jing)流量合計(ji)也相等。
(二)假(jia)設建筑(zhu)(zhu)公司與(yu)勞務(wu)公司不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)名義上還(huan)是(shi)實質上都不(bu)存在關(guan)聯關(guan)系,為(wei)了追求利(li)益最(zui)大化,建筑(zhu)(zhu)公司肯定(ding)首選勞務(wu)自營,即以上第(di)6種方(fang)式(shi),因(yin)為(wei)建筑(zhu)(zhu)公司獨(du)攬(lan)了組織施工、材料采購與(yu)勞務(wu)的(de)所有業務(wu),盡(jin)管(guan)這種方(fang)式(shi)下建筑(zhu)(zhu)公司實際負擔(dan)的(de)總稅(shui)負最(zui)高,但獲得的(de)現金凈流量也最(zui)大。
其(qi)次(ci)是選擇將(jiang)勞(lao)務(wu)分包給(gei)一般納稅(shui)人,即以(yi)上第4種方式,因為在向勞(lao)務(wu)公司支付相同金(jin)額(e)的(de)情況下,增值稅(shui)率越(yue)(yue)高,可(ke)抵扣的(de)進(jin)項(xiang)稅(shui)越(yue)(yue)多,建筑公司實際負擔的(de)總稅(shui)負也最(zui)低(di),現金(jin)凈流量(liang)也較(jiao)大。
實(shi)際上,對建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)公(gong)司(si)最不(bu)利的是接(jie)受勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)派遣,且勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)司(si)選擇差額納稅的方(fang)式(shi),即以(yi)上第3種方(fang)式(shi)。因為勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)司(si)相當(dang)于(yu)只為建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)公(gong)司(si)組織施工隊伍,勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)司(si)從(cong)中賺取中介費,勞(lao)(lao)工工資實(shi)際上由建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)公(gong)司(si)委托勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)司(si)代為支付,工資部分沒有(you)進項稅額而(er)導(dao)致建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)公(gong)司(si)總(zong)體稅負增(zeng)加,最終獲取的現金(jin)凈流量也最低(di)。
綜上,對于建筑公(gong)(gong)司(si)和勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)來(lai)說,建筑勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)所采用的(de)方式不同,對建筑公(gong)(gong)司(si)和勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)總體(ti)稅(shui)(shui)負和現金凈(jing)流量(liang)并(bing)無(wu)影響,但會影響建筑公(gong)(gong)司(si)和勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)各(ge)自的(de)利(li)益,各(ge)自的(de)稅(shui)(shui)負和現金凈(jing)流量(liang)存在此消彼(bi)長(chang)的(de)關系,對勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)稅(shui)(shui)收優惠,最終又(you)轉嫁給了下游企業而(er)導(dao)致建筑公(gong)(gong)司(si)總體(ti)稅(shui)(shui)負增加。