建筑勞務企業發展難的原因分析：

　　第一，缺失(shi)法(fa)律定(ding)位是其(qi)陷于弱勢地(di)位的根本(ben)原因。

　　有(you)關部門多(duo)次強調，“農民(min)(min)工是我國(guo)改革(ge)開放和(he)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)、城(cheng)鎮化(hua)進程(cheng)中涌現的(de)(de)一(yi)支新型勞(lao)(lao)動大軍”，“農民(min)(min)工工作(zuo)直接關系到(dao)經濟社會發展全(quan)局”。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)作(zuo)為建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農民(min)(min)工的(de)(de)組織者、蓄水池，本該擔負起帶(dai)領建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)動大軍闖市場建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)小康的(de)(de)重任，既保(bao)證建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成的(de)(de)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)座(zuo)(zuo)高樓大廈質(zhi)高形美，又保(bao)證農民(min)(min)工按其勞(lao)(lao)動成果拿到(dao)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)報(bao)酬。可是，翻閱有(you)關建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)法(fa)律法(fa)規，卻很(hen)難看到(dao)保(bao)障勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工人權(quan)益(yi)的(de)(de)字眼兒。《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)》作(zuo)為建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)大法(fa)，全(quan)文8章85條，對(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)操(cao)作(zuo)人員無(wu)一(yi)規定。《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)質(zhi)量管理(li)條例》9章82條，對(dui)組織操(cao)作(zuo)人員建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)保(bao)證建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)直接操(cao)作(zuo)人員無(wu)一(yi)明(ming)確規定。

　　勞務(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是建(jian)筑業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革發(fa)展(zhan)的產(chan)物。我(wo)國(guo)2001年4月發(fa)布的《建(jian)筑業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)質管理規定(ding)》明(ming)確，建(jian)筑業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)質分為施工(gong)總承包(bao)、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)承包(bao)和(he)勞務(wu)(wu)分包(bao)三(san)個(ge)序列(lie)，并隨之頒布了《企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)質等(deng)級標(biao)(biao)準》。但是，現實情況是，《建(jian)筑業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)質管理規定(ding)》和(he)《企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)質等(deng)級標(biao)(biao)準》公布之后的10多(duo)年來，勞務(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)操作(zuo)人員的法律地(di)位仍然缺失。

　　第二，缺(que)少政策支持是(shi)其缺(que)乏經濟地(di)位的(de)深層原因。

　　1993年(nian)(nian)，各建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)開始(shi)成(cheng)立(li)(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)部，負責管理兩層(ceng)分(fen)(fen)離后(hou)剝離出(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)隊伍。其(qi)后(hou)，包(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭(tou)組織農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)進城(cheng)承擔施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)任務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，成(cheng)為一(yi)支保(bao)(bao)(bao)證建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程按期完(wan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大軍。2005年(nian)(nian)，原(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設部出(chu)(chu)臺(tai)了(le)《關于(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)和完(wan)善勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)制度(du)(du)發(fa)(fa)展建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)意(yi)見(jian)》，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)用(yong)3年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)時間在全(quan)國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)基(ji)本(ben)規范的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)制度(du)(du)，基(ji)本(ben)禁(jin)止“包(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭(tou)”分(fen)(fen)包(bao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。至(zhi)(zhi)2008年(nian)(nian)6月底，所有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)進行勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)，必須使(shi)用(yong)相應(ying)資質(zhi)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，“實現勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)交易行為基(ji)本(ben)規范化(hua)”。但(dan)由于(yu)缺(que)乏進一(yi)步的(de)(de)政策(ce)措施(shi)及(ji)時跟進，至(zhi)(zhi)今勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)有(you)(you)形交易市場(chang)并(bing)未建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li);許多(duo)(duo)包(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊、農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)仍然游離于(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之外，與(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)搶飯吃。勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)干完(wan)活兒拿不回全(quan)部勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)(fei)，哪個政策(ce)文件有(you)(you)過硬約束(shu)?建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)市場(chang)違法分(fen)(fen)包(bao)掛靠屢禁(jin)不止，為何(he)(he)(he)主(zhu)管部門難以制止?勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)擔負的(de)(de)十幾(ji)種稅(shui)(shui)費(fei)(fei)綜合稅(shui)(shui)率接近10%，這讓(rang)產(chan)值利潤率僅(jin)為百分(fen)(fen)之零(ling)點幾(ji)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)如何(he)(he)(he)承受?更(geng)重要(yao)的(de)(de)是《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法》第四十八條規定：“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)應(ying)當依(yi)法為職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)參加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)繳(jiao)納工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)費(fei)(fei)”，那么，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)可以“依(yi)法”避(bi)繳(jiao)與(yu)其(qi)簽(qian)訂勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動合同農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)費(fei)(fei)嗎?一(yi)個農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五項(xiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)年(nian)(nian)均6000多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)，年(nian)(nian)均使(shi)用(yong)1000名(ming)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)需(xu)繳(jiao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)600萬元(yuan)，錢從哪兒來?不照章納稅(shui)(shui)擔上罪名(ming)，照章納稅(shui)(shui)形成(cheng)虧損(sun)。就連有(you)(you)的(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)專家都(dou)認為“如果對建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)適(shi)用(yong)‘建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)’稅(shui)(shui)收政策(ce)，沒有(you)(you)一(yi)個建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)能存(cun)活，甚至(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)可能就同一(yi)應(ying)稅(shui)(shui)行為雙重征稅(shui)(shui)”。勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)入(ru)不敷出(chu)(chu)，如何(he)(he)(he)生存(cun)和發(fa)(fa)展?這是許多(duo)(duo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)隊伍不肯申(shen)請資質(zhi)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)之一(yi)。

　　第(di)三，建(jian)筑(zhu)市場(chang)不規范、包(bao)工頭違(wei)法分包(bao)是(shi)勞務企業缺乏競爭(zheng)實力的(de)關鍵(jian)原(yuan)因。

　　建(jian)筑行業(ye)建(jian)立有(you)(you)形市場(chang)之后，對建(jian)筑業(ye)的(de)(de)規(gui)范管理起到(dao)了(le)很大(da)的(de)(de)促進作用。按照原建(jian)設(she)部《關(guan)于(yu)建(jian)立和(he)完善(shan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)制度(du)發展建(jian)筑勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)意見(jian)》的(de)(de)規(gui)定，應該(gai)“建(jian)立和(he)完善(shan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)交(jiao)易(yi)場(chang)所(suo)和(he)渠道”，“實現勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)交(jiao)易(yi)行為基本規(gui)范化”。但實際上，山西的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)交(jiao)易(yi)場(chang)所(suo)并(bing)未建(jian)立起來，“包(bao)工頭”依然可以(yi)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)掛(gua)(gua)靠(kao)。“包(bao)工頭”可以(yi)以(yi)低于(yu)有(you)(you)資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)兩三個百分(fen)(fen)點的(de)(de)報(bao)價，搶到(dao)工程任務(wu)。比如(ru)(ru)大(da)同地(di)區，中標工程只能招聘到(dao)20%左(zuo)(zuo)右的(de)(de)有(you)(you)資(zi)質(zhi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)，80%左(zuo)(zuo)右的(de)(de)工程使(shi)用無資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)隊伍，有(you)(you)資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)顯得缺乏競(jing)爭(zheng)實力。如(ru)(ru)果市場(chang)大(da)環境不改(gai)變，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)光靠(kao)收些(xie)掛(gua)(gua)靠(kao)費是(shi)難以(yi)發展壯大(da)的(de)(de)。